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Malaysia's first federal change of government; Pakatan Harapan defeated BN.

9 May 2018222 seats112 for a majority

“PR/PH” held 113 of 222 seats — past the 112 needed to govern.

PR/PH113
Alliance/BN79
PAS-led18
Other12

every seat, 2018

P.001 Padang Besar, PerlisP.002 Kangar, PerlisP.003 Arau, PerlisP.004 Langkawi, KedahP.005 Jerlun, KedahP.006 Kubang Pasu, KedahP.007 Padang Terap, KedahP.008 Pokok Sena, KedahP.009 Alor Setar, KedahP.010 Kuala Kedah, KedahP.011 Pendang, KedahP.012 Jerai, KedahP.013 Sik, KedahP.014 Merbok, KedahP.015 Sungai Petani, KedahP.016 Baling, KedahP.017 Padang Serai, KedahP.018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu, KedahP.019 Tumpat, KelantanP.020 Pengkalan Chepa, KelantanP.021 Kota Bharu, KelantanP.022 Pasir Mas, KelantanP.023 Rantau Panjang, KelantanP.024 Kubang Kerian, KelantanP.025 Bachok, KelantanP.026 Ketereh, KelantanP.027 Tanah Merah, KelantanP.028 Pasir Puteh, KelantanP.029 Machang, KelantanP.030 Jeli, KelantanP.031 Kuala Krai, KelantanP.032 Gua Musang, KelantanP.033 Besut, TerengganuP.034 Setiu, TerengganuP.035 Kuala Nerus, TerengganuP.036 Kuala Terengganu, TerengganuP.037 Marang, TerengganuP.038 Hulu Terengganu, TerengganuP.039 Dungun, TerengganuP.040 Kemaman, TerengganuP.041 Kepala Batas, Pulau PinangP.042 Tasek Gelugor, Pulau PinangP.043 Bagan, Pulau PinangP.044 Permatang Pauh, Pulau PinangP.045 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau PinangP.046 Batu Kawan, Pulau PinangP.047 Nibong Tebal, Pulau PinangP.048 Bukit Bendera, Pulau PinangP.049 Tanjong, Pulau PinangP.050 Jelutong, Pulau PinangP.051 Bukit Gelugor, Pulau PinangP.052 Bayan Baru, Pulau PinangP.053 Balik Pulau, Pulau PinangP.054 Gerik, PerakP.055 Lenggong, PerakP.056 Larut, PerakP.057 Parit Buntar, PerakP.058 Bagan Serai, PerakP.059 Bukit Gantang, PerakP.060 Taiping, PerakP.061 Padang Rengas, PerakP.062 Sungai Siput, PerakP.063 Tambun, PerakP.064 Ipoh Timor, PerakP.065 Ipoh Barat, PerakP.066 Batu Gajah, PerakP.067 Kuala Kangsar, PerakP.068 Beruas, PerakP.069 Parit, PerakP.070 Kampar, PerakP.071 Gopeng, PerakP.072 Tapah, PerakP.073 Pasir Salak, PerakP.074 Lumut, PerakP.075 Bagan Datuk, PerakP.076 Teluk Intan, PerakP.077 Tanjong Malim, PerakP.078 Cameron Highlands, PahangP.079 Lipis, PahangP.080 Raub, PahangP.081 Jerantut, PahangP.082 Indera Mahkota, PahangP.083 Kuantan, PahangP.084 Paya Besar, PahangP.085 Pekan, PahangP.086 Maran, PahangP.087 Kuala Krau, PahangP.088 Temerloh, PahangP.089 Bentong, PahangP.090 Bera, PahangP.091 Rompin, PahangP.092 Sabak Bernam, SelangorP.093 Sungai Besar, SelangorP.094 Hulu Selangor, SelangorP.095 Tanjong Karang, SelangorP.096 Kuala Selangor, SelangorP.097 Selayang, SelangorP.098 Gombak, SelangorP.099 Ampang, SelangorP.100 Pandan, SelangorP.101 Hulu Langat, SelangorP.102 Bangi, SelangorP.103 Puchong, SelangorP.104 Subang, SelangorP.105 Petaling Jaya, SelangorP.106 Damansara, SelangorP.107 Sungai Buloh, SelangorP.108 Shah Alam, SelangorP.109 Kapar, SelangorP.110 Klang, SelangorP.111 Kota Raja, SelangorP.112 Kuala Langat, SelangorP.113 Sepang, SelangorP.114 Kepong, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.115 Batu, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.116 Wangsa Maju, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.117 Segambut, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.118 Setiawangsa, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.119 Titiwangsa, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.120 Bukit Bintang, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.121 Lembah Pantai, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.122 Seputeh, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.123 Cheras, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.124 Bandar Tun Razak, W.P. Kuala LumpurP.125 Putrajaya, W.P. PutrajayaP.126 Jelebu, Negeri SembilanP.127 Jempol, Negeri SembilanP.128 Seremban, Negeri SembilanP.129 Kuala Pilah, Negeri SembilanP.130 Rasah, Negeri SembilanP.131 Rembau, Negeri SembilanP.132 Port Dickson, Negeri SembilanP.133 Tampin, Negeri SembilanP.134 Masjid Tanah, MelakaP.135 Alor Gajah, MelakaP.136 Tangga Batu, MelakaP.137 Hang Tuah Jaya, MelakaP.138 Kota Melaka, MelakaP.139 Jasin, MelakaP.140 Segamat, JohorP.141 Sekijang, JohorP.142 Labis, JohorP.143 Pagoh, JohorP.144 Ledang, JohorP.145 Bakri, JohorP.146 Muar, JohorP.147 Parit Sulong, JohorP.148 Ayer Hitam, JohorP.149 Sri Gading, JohorP.150 Batu Pahat, JohorP.151 Simpang Renggam, JohorP.152 Kluang, JohorP.153 Sembrong, JohorP.154 Mersing, JohorP.155 Tenggara, JohorP.156 Kota Tinggi, JohorP.157 Pengerang, JohorP.158 Tebrau, JohorP.159 Pasir Gudang, JohorP.160 Johor Bahru, JohorP.161 Pulai, JohorP.162 Iskandar Puteri, JohorP.163 Kulai, JohorP.164 Pontian, JohorP.165 Tanjung Piai, JohorP.166 Labuan, W.P. LabuanP.167 Kudat, SabahP.168 Kota Marudu, SabahP.169 Kota Belud, SabahP.170 Tuaran, SabahP.171 Sepanggar, SabahP.172 Kota Kinabalu, SabahP.173 Putatan, SabahP.174 Penampang, SabahP.175 Papar, SabahP.176 Kimanis, SabahP.177 Beaufort, SabahP.178 Sipitang, SabahP.179 Ranau, SabahP.180 Keningau, SabahP.181 Tenom, SabahP.182 Pensiangan, SabahP.183 Beluran, SabahP.184 Libaran, SabahP.185 Batu Sapi, SabahP.186 Sandakan, SabahP.187 Kinabatangan, SabahP.188 Lahad Datu, SabahP.189 Semporna, SabahP.190 Tawau, SabahP.191 Kalabakan, SabahP.192 Mas Gading, SarawakP.193 Santubong, SarawakP.194 Petra Jaya, SarawakP.195 Bandar Kuching, SarawakP.196 Stampin, SarawakP.197 Kota Samarahan, SarawakP.198 Puncak Borneo, SarawakP.199 Serian, SarawakP.200 Batang Sadong, SarawakP.201 Batang Lupar, SarawakP.202 Sri Aman, SarawakP.203 Lubok Antu, SarawakP.204 Betong, SarawakP.205 Saratok, SarawakP.206 Tanjong Manis, SarawakP.207 Igan, SarawakP.208 Sarikei, SarawakP.209 Julau, SarawakP.210 Kanowit, SarawakP.211 Lanang, SarawakP.212 Sibu, SarawakP.213 Mukah, SarawakP.214 Selangau, SarawakP.215 Kapit, SarawakP.216 Hulu Rajang, SarawakP.217 Bintulu, SarawakP.218 Sibuti, SarawakP.219 Miri, SarawakP.220 Baram, SarawakP.221 Limbang, SarawakP.222 Lawas, Sarawak

The road here

Parliament was dissolved on 7 April 2018. The Election Commission then set nomination day for 28 April, giving candidates 11 formal campaign days before the 9 May poll.

The campaign combined immediate household concerns with competing policy offers.

PH’s manifesto — included abolishing GST, investigating 1MDB, and a wider programme on living costs and institutional reform.

BN — proposed job creation and affordable-housing measures.

PAS and Gagasan Sejahtera — proposed replacing GST with a different tax approach and writing off PTPTN borrowers’ debts.

Contemporaneous reporting recorded cost of living and wages as prominent voter concerns. It also recorded disagreement over the electoral importance of 1MDB: Ibrahim Suffian identified it as a particular concern among urban middle-class voters, while Ali Salman expected corruption to be less decisive for many voters.

The result changed the federal government. PH won 113 of the 222 seats; BN won 79, GS 18, Warisan 8, independents 3 and STAR 1. BN’s total was 54 fewer than its 133 in GE13, and Mahathir Mohamad was sworn in the following day to lead the new PH federal government.

What the sources say

7 April 2018

The 13th Parliament was dissolved, after Prime Minister Najib Razak announced the dissolution with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong’s consent, opening the way for GE14.

Malay Mail

10 April–8 May 2018

The Election Commission set nomination day for 28 April, polling for 9 May, and an 11-day formal campaign period from nomination day until 11.59pm on 8 May.

The Star via Malaysian Bar

In the campaign

PH’s manifesto promised to abolish the 6% Goods and Services Tax (GST), review 1MDB through a royal commission of inquiry, and pursue measures on living costs, wages, Felda settlers’ debts and institutional reform.

Malay Mail

In the campaign

BN’s manifesto, “With BN for a Greater Malaysia”, set out 14 main areas and included proposed job creation and affordable-housing measures.

Malay Mail

In the campaign

PAS and its Gagasan Sejahtera partners launched a manifesto with nine themes and 20 offers, including replacing GST with a different tax approach and writing off PTPTN borrowers’ debts.

KiniTV

9 May 2018

Of 222 parliamentary seats, PH won 113, BN 79, Gagasan Sejahtera (GS) 18, Warisan 8, independents 3 and Parti Solidariti Tanah Airku (STAR) 1. ElectionData.MY records the 18 GS seats; PAS was the principal GS party.

ElectionData.MY

At nomination

PH’s four component parties — PKR, DAP, Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia and Parti Amanah Negara — agreed to use the PKR symbol for GE14.

Malay Mail

In the months before polling

Merdeka Center executive director Ibrahim Suffian said its surveys found rising living costs and wages not keeping pace to be voters’ principal concerns; he said 1MDB and government irregularities were additional concerns particularly among urban middle-class voters.

The Edge Malaysia

Compared with GE13

Political scientist John Funston recorded BN as falling from 133 parliamentary seats in 2013 to 79 in 2018.

John Funston

10 May 2018

Mahathir Mohamad was sworn in as Malaysia’s seventh Prime Minister, heading the first PH federal government.

Ram Anand

Why, and who says so

Explanations for a result are arguments, not facts.

How much did 1MDB, rather than household economic pressures, affect voting?

Ibrahim Suffian of Merdeka Center said cost of living and inadequate wage growth were the common concerns, while 1MDB was a particular urban middle-class concern. Ali Salman of IDEAS said corruption might not become a major voting issue, arguing that voters might not vote primarily on who was “clean”.

The Edge Malaysia

Whether GE14 represented a large shift in Malay electoral support

UMNO information chief Annuar Musa said UMNO had received 60% of the Malay-Muslim vote, and Najib Razak said the Malay electorate was divided rather than moving against UMNO. Funston reported a Merdeka Center survey estimating PH-Warisan Malay support at 25–30%, PAS support at 30–33%, and UMNO support at 35–40%.

John Funston

advanced by political scientist Muhamad M. N. Nadzri, who argued these four connected factors made GE14 more competitive and contributed to BN’s loss

Muhamad M. N. Nadzri

identified by Bridget Welsh as prominent explanations used by analysts, while she argued that wider social shifts, modern campaigning, UMNO’s institutional weakening and broader socioeconomic conditions also needed consideration

Bridget Welsh

Published seat totals for Pakatan Harapan differ, and the difference is one of coalition classification rather than of the underlying results. PH on its own won 113 of 222. Some academic and official summaries report 121 or 122 by grouping PH with Sabah-based Warisan and, in some accounts, an allied independent.

John FunstonCongressional Research Service

Promises

Manifesto ofPakatan Harapan — Buku Harapan: Membina Negara, Memenuhi Harapan, launched 8 March 2018. Government: 10 May 2018 – 24 February 2020.

The government left office 22 months in, when it lost its majority in February 2020 — before its own five-year timeline ran out. Where a promise saw no action, that context matters.

  • Likely met — the record shows the promised action itself, dated within the tenure
  • Records found — related records exist; accounts may differ or fall short of the pledge
  • None found — no record located

P1 · Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

"Menghapuskan GST"

("Abolish GST").

GST was set to 0% from 1 June 2018. The Dewan Rakyat record identifies P.U.(A) 118/2018, dated 16 May 2018, as the amendment that set the tax rate at 0%; P.U.(A) 119/2018 revoked the earlier Zero-Rated Supply Order. The Ministry of Finance announced the 0% rate on 16 May 2018.

Dewan Rakyat HansardMinistry of Finance

Malaysiakini reported that GST would be charged at zero per cent from 1 June 2018.

P6 · Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

"Menghapuskan kutipan tol"

("Abolish toll collection").

The PMO said in May 2019 that removing PLUS toll required RM30 billion, while describing the pledge as delayed. This is evidence of consideration, not abolition.

Prime Minister's Office

FMT reported Mahathir saying that abolishing PLUS toll collection would require about RM30 billion.

Teras 1 (Pillar 1)

P1Abolish GSTLikely met

"Menghapuskan GST" ("Abolish GST").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

GST was set to 0% from 1 June 2018. The Dewan Rakyat record identifies P.U.(A) 118/2018, dated 16 May 2018, as the amendment that set the tax rate at 0%; P.U.(A) 119/2018 revoked the earlier Zero-Rated Supply Order. The Ministry of Finance announced the 0% rate on 16 May 2018.

Dewan Rakyat HansardMinistry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported that GST would be charged at zero per cent from 1 June 2018.

Malaysiakini

P2Reduce price pressuresRecords found

"Menurunkan tekanan kenaikan harga yang membebani rakyat" ("Reduce price pressures burdening the people").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The Cabinet reactivated the National Action Council on Cost of Living (NACCOL) on 17 August 2018; its first Majlis Tertinggi meeting was on 27 September 2018. Separately, the government paid BSH 2019 to targeted low-income households: the Finance Ministry recorded RM4.2 billion to almost 3.9 million approved households.

National Action Council on Cost of Living SecretariatMinistry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the May 2019 BSH payment and its eligibility bands.

Malaysiakini

P3Targeted sharing of national wealthRecords found

"Berkongsi kekayaan negara secara bersasar" ("Share national wealth in a targeted way").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

BSH was administered as an income-targeted cash-transfer programme in 2019. The Finance Ministry recorded RM4.2 billion across all 2019 payment phases, to almost 3.9 million approved households, with child additions. That is a concrete targeted-distribution measure, but does not settle the whole, open-ended “sharing national wealth” promise.

Ministry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported that BSH 2019 used household-income bands and child additions.

Malaysiakini

P4Affordable housing and rental housingRecords found

"Menambah program perumahan mampu milik dan mampu sewa" ("Expand affordable-ownership and affordable-rental housing").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The PMO said in May 2019 that a National Affordable Housing Council had been created and was to coordinate agencies and work toward one million affordable homes over two terms; this is an institutional step, not evidence that the numerical construction promise was completed.

Prime Minister's Office

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported that the National Affordable Housing Council had been established and that its first meeting considered the 2018–2028 one-million-home programme.

Malaysiakini

P5Ease young people's living burdenRecords found

"Meringankan beban hidup yang ditanggung oleh anak muda" ("Ease young people's cost-of-living burden").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

PTPTN stated on 26 June 2018 that deferment of repayments for borrowers earning below RM4,000 a month would follow further study and told borrowers to continue repayment in the meantime. I found no operative PTPTN deferment instrument for that RM4,000 threshold during the PH tenure.

PTPTN

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported PTPTN chairman Wan Saiful Wan Jan apologising that the promised deferment for borrowers earning below RM4,000 had not been delivered.

Malaysiakini

P6Remove toll collectionRecords found

"Menghapuskan kutipan tol" ("Abolish toll collection").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The PMO said in May 2019 that removing PLUS toll required RM30 billion, while describing the pledge as delayed. This is evidence of consideration, not abolition.

Prime Minister's Office

Independent reporting

FMT reported Mahathir saying that abolishing PLUS toll collection would require about RM30 billion.

Free Malaysia Today

P7Targeted fuel subsidyRecords found

"Menyediakan subsidi minyak bersasar" ("Provide targeted fuel subsidies").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The 2020 budget material set out the Program Subsidi Petrol (PSP): eligible BSH recipients were to receive RM30 monthly for cars or RM12 for motorcycles, with the first transfer planned for April 2020 covering January–April. The contemporaneous record is a scheduled scheme, not evidence of the planned payments being made before PH left office on 24 February 2020.

Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the announced RM30 monthly car and RM12 motorcycle support under the new subsidy mechanism.

B Nantha Kumar

P8Public-transport quality and coverageRecords found

"Memperbaiki kualiti dan liputan pengangkutan awam" ("Improve public-transport quality and coverage").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Mahathir launched MY100 and MY50 unlimited monthly passes on 1 December 2018. MY100 cost RM100 for 30 days on specified Klang Valley services and MY50 RM50 for buses; the passes were available for use from January 2019.

Astro AwaniThe Edge Malaysia

Independent reporting

Astro Awani reported Mahathir’s launch of the MY100 and MY50 unlimited passes.

Astro Awani

P9Health-service access and qualityRecords found

"Mempertingkat akses dan kualiti perkhidmatan kesihatan" ("Improve health-service access and quality").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

PeKa B40 began nationwide on 15 April 2019, with registered private general practitioners providing health screening. The retrievable statement does not establish the manifesto's RM500 basic-treatment benefit at private clinics.

Ministry of Health

Independent reporting

New Straits Times reported PeKa B40 beginning on 15 April and private clinics joining the scheme in Sarawak.

Melvin Joni

P10Food security and farmers' welfareRecords found

"Menjamin keperluan makanan asas rakyat dan menjaga kebajikan petani" ("Secure staple-food needs and protect farmers' welfare").

Teras 1 (Pillar 1).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

At MAHA on 22 November 2018, Mahathir said the government was framing a review of the National Agrofood Policy 2.0 for 2021–2030, alongside initiatives intended to raise productivity and the incomes of farmers, livestock breeders, fishers and agro-entrepreneurs. The policy itself is identified by the Agriculture Ministry as the 2021–2030 National Agrofood Policy, after the PH tenure. Thus the contemporaneous PH record is policy development and announced initiatives, not an adopted new food-security policy in the tenure.

Prime Minister’s OfficeMinistry of Agriculture and Food Security

Independent reporting

Utusan Malaysia reported Mahathir saying the government was drawing up the 2021–2030 National Agrofood Policy.

Utusan Malaysia

After the tenure

The National Agrofood Policy 2021–2030 was formulated after the tenure.

Teras 2 (Pillar 2)

P11Malay dignity and institutionsNone found

"Mengembalikan maruah orang Melayu dan institusi-institusinya" ("Restore the dignity of Malays and their institutions").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P12Prime-ministerial term limit and PMD restructuringRecords found

"Menghadkan tempoh perkhidmatan Perdana Menteri dan menstruktur semula Jabatan Perdana Menteri" ("Limit the Prime Minister's tenure and restructure the Prime Minister's Department").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

During the final 2019 sitting, Parliament recorded the first reading of the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) 2019, which would have prevented appointment as prime minister after two prior terms. No enacted constitutional amendment is identified in the record before PH left office.

Parliament of Malaysia

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported Mahathir’s October 2018 statement that the prime minister’s term would be limited to two terms.

Malaysiakini

P13Resolve 1MDB, FELDA, MARA and Tabung Haji scandalsRecords found

"Menyelesaikan skandal 1MDB, FELDA, MARA dan Tabung Haji" ("Resolve the 1MDB, FELDA, MARA and Tabung Haji scandals").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

For 1MDB, the Finance Ministry recorded the return of US$322 million in assets from the US Justice Department and S$50 million from Singapore in May 2019, for use against 1MDB debt. For FELDA, the Dewan Negara record says the government agreed RM6.23 billion in grants, loans and guarantees and records 2019 financing and cash disbursements; an earlier Dewan Rakyat answer records forensic-audit findings being reported to police. A 2018 Tabung Haji restructuring transferred assets through Urusharta Jamaah; the Ministry of Finance’s archived Bernama report describes RM19.9 billion in sukuk and cash. These are documented interventions in three named entities; this pass did not identify a comparable tenure instrument resolving the MARA component or evidence that all four scandals were resolved.

Ministry of FinanceDewan Negara HansardDewan Rakyat HansardMinistry of Finance/Bernama

Independent reporting

FMT, carrying a Reuters report, reported the RM6.23 billion FELDA financial-support package and its proposed debt restructuring.

Free Malaysia Today/Reuters

P14Reform MACC and strengthen anti-corruption workRecords found

"Mereformasi Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia dan memperkasa usaha membanteras rasuah" ("Reform MACC and strengthen anti-corruption work").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

In his Invest Malaysia address on 19 March 2019, Mahathir said the Cabinet Special Committee on Anti-Corruption had approved a proposal for the MACC chief commissioner’s appointment to go through a parliamentary select committee and that the MACC Act would be amended. The address is a contemporaneous government statement of an approved reform direction; this pass found no cited amendment to the MACC Act taking effect in the PH tenure that implemented that appointment process.

Prime Minister’s Office

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the government’s agreement in principle to move appointment of the MACC chief commissioner to a parliamentary select committee, while noting constitutional amendment would be needed.

Kow Gah Chie

P15Separate the public prosecutor from the Attorney GeneralRecords found

"Memisahkan Pejabat Pendakwaraya Negara daripada Pejabat Peguam Negara" ("Separate the National Prosecutor's Office from the Attorney General's Office").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Mahathir said on 21 November 2018 that the plan to separate the roles had been put on hold after a study. A later parliamentary answer (2021) still described a study and proposed constitutional and legal amendments, rather than an already-separated office. No separation instrument was identified for the PH tenure.

Malay MailParliament of Malaysia

Independent reporting

Malay Mail reported that Putrajaya had deferred separating the Attorney General and public-prosecutor roles.

Malay Mail

After the tenure

The 2021 answer says the study had identified proposed amendments but still required a government decision.

P16Restore Parliament's authorityRecords found

"Mengembalikan wibawa institusi parlimen" ("Restore Parliament's authority").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Six bipartisan parliamentary select committees, including one on state–federal relations, were formed in December 2018 to scrutinise the federal government. Parliament’s subsequent record also identifies the committee as in place in January 2020. This was a structural parliamentary change, but not evidence that every part of the broad authority-restoration promise was completed.

MalaysiakiniParliament of Malaysia

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the announcement of six new bipartisan parliamentary select committees.

Malaysiakini

P17Transparent, modern electionsRecords found

"Menjamin ketelusan dan kemodenan sistem pilihan raya" ("Ensure a transparent and modern electoral system").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019 (Act A1603) was gazetted on 10 September 2019. It amended Article 119 to lower the voting age to 18 and enable automatic voter registration. Parliament records that the Article 119 changes came into operation on 15 December 2021, after the PH tenure. The statute was an electoral-system reform during the tenure, but its core operational effect followed later.

Parliament of MalaysiaBernama

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the July 2019 constitutional amendments lowering the voting age and providing for automatic registration.

M Fakhrull Halim and Shakira Buang

After the tenure

Undi18 and automatic registration took effect on 15 December 2021.

P18Political-finance mechanism with integrityRecords found

"Mewujudkan mekanisme pembiayaan politik yang berintegriti" ("Create an integrity-based political-finance mechanism").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

In a 19 November 2019 oral answer, the Prime Minister’s Department said a political-contributions bill was being finalised after research and stakeholder engagement, under National Anti-Corruption Plan initiative 1.2.5, and would be tabled once complete. The answer records drafting rather than an enacted mechanism; no bill enacted before the PH government ended was identified.

Parliament of Malaysia

P19Confidence in judicial and legal institutionsNone found

"Mengembalikan kepercayaan terhadap institusi kehakiman dan perundangan" ("Restore confidence in judicial and legal institutions").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P20Respected military and policeRecords found

"Menjadikan Angkatan Tentera Malaysia dan pasukan Polis DiRaja Malaysia sebagai sebuah pasukan yang dihormati dan disegani" ("Make the armed forces and Royal Malaysia Police respected").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The government tabled the Independent Police Complaints and Misconduct Commission Bill 2019 in July 2019. Parliamentary debate then returned it to a special select committee; the Malaysian Parliament Journal’s comparison table records that the bill was later withdrawn on 26 August 2020. This provides a traceable police-accountability measure, but it was not an enacted PH-tenure commission and does not by itself establish the broad military-and-police outcome.

Enforcement Agency Integrity CommissionAugustine Leonard Jen

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported that the IPCMC Bill had been tabled and described its proposed powers and structure.

Malaysiakini

After the tenure

The IPCMC Bill was withdrawn on 26 August 2020.

P21Empower the public serviceRecords found

"Memperkasa perkhidmatan awam" ("Empower the public service").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

JPA’s 2019 annual report states that it had driven a public-service reform agenda, describing planned organisational and workforce changes and reforms aimed at governance, integrity and delivery. This is a formal agency record of the reform programme; it is not an instrument that measures fulfilment of the broad “empower” outcome.

Public Service Department (JPA)

P22International-standard GLC governanceRecords found

"Menjadikan pentadbiran semua syarikat milik kerajaan (GLC) setaraf dengan piawaian antarabangsa" ("Bring all GLC governance to international standards").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

On 15 April 2019, a The Edge Markets report republished by the Finance Ministry quoted Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng saying the PH government had cleaned government-linked companies of political interference. No tenure-wide GLC-governance code or Act is cited here.

The Edge Markets

Independent reporting

The Edge Markets reported Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng’s statement that institutional reform was needed and quoted his claim that the government had removed political interference from GLCs.

The Edge Markets

P23Public procurement valueRecords found

"Memastikan sistem perolehan kerajaan menjana faedah maksimum untuk wang rakyat" ("Ensure procurement maximises value for public money").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The Finance Ministry reported on 24 July 2019 that wider use of open competitive tenders and zero-based budgeting was in place, and gave January–May 2019 fiscal figures. It is evidence of procurement and budgeting-process changes, not proof that all procurement generated maximum value. A later MoF disclosure lists 101 PH-era direct-negotiation projects worth RM6.61 billion, which also shows that open competition was not the only procurement route used.

Ministry of FinanceMinistry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini published Lim Guan Eng’s account that open competitive tenders and zero-based budgeting had affected government finances; it is attributed reporting of the Finance Minister’s position.

Lim Guan Eng

After the tenure

The direct-negotiation disclosure was published after the tenure and concerns PH-era projects.

P24Genuine federalismRecords found

"Menghidupkan semangat sebenar konsep federalisme" ("Revive the true spirit of federalism").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

PH formed a Special Select Committee on States and Federal Relations and a Special Cabinet Committee on MA63. The ISEAS retrospective records that the parliamentary committee was gathering information and intended to finalise recommendations in March 2020, but the PH government collapsed in late February before that report. This is a documented institutional route toward federalism reform, not a completed restructuring of federal powers.

Tricia Yeoh

Independent reporting

Astro Awani reported that a parliamentary select committee on MA63 issues was to be formed.

Astro Awani

After the tenure

The planned committee report was not finalised before the February 2020 change of government.

P25Local-authority powersRecords found

"Memperkukuh peranan dan kuasa pihak berkuasa tempatan" ("Strengthen local authorities' role and powers").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

In April 2019, the Housing and Local Government Ministry told the Dewan Negara it was studying local-authority elections for implementation in 2021, had formed a ministry committee, held three engagement sessions and was studying overseas models and public acceptance. In the interim, the Federal Territories Ministry had created a council of Kuala Lumpur MPs to discuss DBKL direction and policy with the mayor and management; the Hansard explicitly says that was not a local-authority election. These are preparatory/consultative changes, not a transfer of powers or completed local election system.

Dewan Negara HansardDewan Rakyat Hansard

P26A globally respected human-rights recordRecords found

"Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang mempunyai rekod hak asasi yang dihormati dunia" ("Give Malaysia a globally respected human-rights record").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The cited accession release is no longer retrievable in this repair pass. Wisma Putra's 8 May 2019 release says that, following the Cabinet decision announced on 5 April, Malaysia sent its withdrawal letter to the UN Secretary-General on 29 April 2019.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Independent reporting

Astro Awani reported UN confirmation that Malaysia’s withdrawal from the Rome Statute took effect on 29 April 2019.

Astro Awani

P27Repeal oppressive lawsRecords found

"Menghapuskan undang-undang yang zalim" ("Abolish oppressive laws").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

At the May 2019 anniversary, the PM said the Anti-Fake News law had been suspended pending repeal. The Anti-Fake News (Repeal) Bill then passed the Dewan Rakyat on 9 October 2019 and the Dewan Negara on 19 December 2019.

Prime Minister's OfficeThe Star

Independent reporting

The Star reported the Dewan Negara’s approval of the repeal.

The Star

P28Creative young generation free from oppressionRecords found

"Membina generasi muda yang kreatif dan bebas daripada cengkaman kezaliman" ("Build a creative young generation free from oppression").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The consolidated text of the Universities and University Colleges Act records that the Universities and University Colleges (Amendment) Act 2019 (Act A1582) took effect on 15 March 2019 and deleted paragraph 15(2)(c). The remaining section expressly permits a university student to join a political party, subject to listed restrictions. This is a specific higher-education legal amendment; it does not settle the broader promise concerning a creative generation free from oppression.

Laws of Malaysia

P29Budget transparency and integrityRecords found

"Meningkatkan ketelusan dan integriti belanjawan dan proses belanjawan" ("Increase budget-process transparency and integrity").

Teras 2 (Pillar 2).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The Finance Ministry reported that it had implemented zero-based budgeting and wider use of open competitive tenders, and published Budget 2019 expenditure material online. Those are identifiable budget/process transparency measures; they do not by themselves establish the broad integrity outcome for all budget processes.

Ministry of FinanceMinistry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini published Lim Guan Eng’s account of wider open tenders and zero-based budgeting; it is attributed reporting of the Finance Minister’s position.

Lim Guan Eng

Teras 3 (Pillar 3)

P30Bumiputera and multiracial economyRecords found

"Memajukan ekonomi Bumiputera dan semua rakyat berbilang bangsa" ("Advance the Bumiputera economy and all multiracial Malaysians").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Mahathir launched the Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 on 5 October 2019. His launch text describes it as a national blueprint for 2021–2030 and says full implementation was expected from 2021. It was therefore a long-horizon policy launched during PH’s tenure, rather than evidence of delivery of the broad economic outcome by February 2020.

Prime Minister’s Office

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini published a guide to the Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 when it was launched.

Malaysiakini

After the tenure

The policy’s stated horizon was 2030.

P31Investment, business and tradeRecords found

"Merangsang pelaburan serta mempermudah proses perniagaan dan perdagangan" ("Stimulate investment and simplify business and trade").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

MIDA reported total approved investments of RM201.7 billion in 2018, up from RM200.6 billion in 2017; it separately reported RM115.6 billion approved in July–December 2018, after the May change of government. It recorded foreign direct investment in approved projects at RM80.5 billion, 48% above 2017. These are official investment data during the tenure, not causal proof that every business and trade process was simplified as promised.

Malaysian Investment Development Authority

P32People- and business-friendly taxationRecords found

"Memperkenalkan sistem percukaian mesra rakyat dan mesra usahawan" ("Introduce people- and entrepreneur-friendly taxation").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

GST was set at 0% from 1 June 2018. The 7 August Hansard records SST as scheduled for 1 September; a Finance Ministry archive subsequently records SST as implemented on that date.

Dewan Rakyat HansardMinistry of Finance archive

Independent reporting

The Star reported the introduction of SST on 1 September 2018.

The Star

P33Fair Employment Opportunity CommissionRecords found

"Menubuhkan Suruhanjaya Peluang Pekerjaan Saksama" ("Establish a Fair Employment Opportunity Commission").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

JTKSM's 2018 annual report described fair-employment principles and labour-law reform as references when the Commission was established; it does not record an established Commission. Searches of MOHR/JTKSM, Parliament and the federal-gazette catalogue located no constituting Act, appointment or Commission record before 24 February 2020.

Jabatan Tenaga Kerja Semenanjung Malaysia

P34Raise ordinary people's incomesRecords found

"Meningkatkan pendapatan rakyat terbanyak" ("Increase ordinary people's incomes"). The text specifies RM1,500 minimum wage during the first term.

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Minimum Wages Order 2018, P.U.(A) 265, set RM1,050 monthly nationwide from 1 January 2019. It equalised the regional rate, but did not reach the RM1,500 first-term figure before the tenure ended.

Ministry of Human Resources

Independent reporting

FMT reported the nationwide rate as RM1,100 from January 2019, whereas the action source’s Minimum Wages Order 2018 records RM1,050; the two accounts differ.

Free Malaysia Today

P35Workers' status and quality jobsRecords found

"Menaikkan martabat golongan pekerja dan mewujudkan lebih banyak pekerjaan berkualiti" ("Raise workers' status and create more quality jobs").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Parliament passed the Workers' Minimum Standards of Housing and Amenities (Amendment) Bill 2019 on 15 July 2019. Bernama reported that it extended minimum housing and basic-facility standards to workers in all sectors; it is a defined labour-standard measure, not a measure of the broader quality-jobs commitment.

Bernama

Independent reporting

Bernama reported that Parliament passed the 2019 workers’ housing-and-amenities bill, extending minimum standards to all sectors.

Bernama

P36EPF for housewivesRecords found

"Melaksanakan KWSP untuk suri rumah" ("Implement EPF for housewives").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

i-Suri registration began on 15 August 2018. The previously cited EPF annual-report URL is not publicly readable in this repair pass, so this entry does not rely on it for the scheme's detailed terms.

Department of Information Malaysia

Independent reporting

Utusan Malaysia reported that i-Suri had been introduced on 15 August 2018 and gave its registration total in December.

Utusan Malaysia

P37Long-term well-beingNone found

"Menjamin kesejahteraan rakyat jangka panjang" ("Guarantee long-term well-being").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P38Indigenous peoples in Peninsular MalaysiaRecords found

"Membela nasib Orang Asal di Semenanjung Malaysia" ("Defend the welfare of Peninsular indigenous peoples").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

JAKOA records RM1.50 million allocated in 2019 for surveying/acquiring Orang Asli settlement land, with RM1.43 million spent on nine locations (675.77 hectares, 1,702 heads of household), and reports separate 2019 socio-economic project spending. These are identified programme records, not evidence that the whole welfare commitment was settled.

Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli

P39Development and environmental protectionRecords found

"Mengimbangi pembangunan ekonomi dengan perlindungan alam sekitar" ("Balance economic development with environmental protection").

Teras 3 (Pillar 3).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The hosted Malaysia's Roadmap Towards Zero Single-Use Plastics 2018–2030 says it was to be implemented from 2018 to 2030. The cited page does not establish a launch date or identify the launching ministry.

Ministry of Energy

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the ministry’s claimed launch of the 2018–2030 single-use-plastics roadmap in its review of ministries.

Malaysiakini

Teras 4 (Pillar 4)

P40Cabinet committee for MA63Records found

"Menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Khas Kabinet untuk segera menyemak dan melaksanakan Perjanjian Malaysia 1963" ("Establish a Special Cabinet Committee promptly to review and implement MA63").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

A Sarawak Legislative Assembly publication records the formation of the MA63 Steering Committee chaired by Mahathir, and a Sarawak state consultative committee was established in response on 6 November 2018. This confirms committee formation, not completion of the review and implementation.

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

Independent reporting

Utusan Borneo reported that the federal Cabinet had agreed on the MA63 special-committee structure in October 2018.

Utusan Borneo

P41Faster Sabah and Sarawak economic growthRecords found

"Memastikan ekonomi Sabah dan Sarawak berkembang dengan lebih pesat demi kemakmuran hidup rakyat seluruhnya" ("Ensure faster Sabah and Sarawak growth for everyone's prosperity").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Budget 2019 allocated RM5.009 billion to Sabah and RM4.346 billion to Sarawak, including Pan Borneo Highway, water, electricity, infrastructure, health and education projects and economic corridors. Allocations and projects are traceable inputs; the source does not establish the promised faster growth outcome.

Ministry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the RM5.009 billion Sabah and RM4.346 billion Sarawak allocations in Budget 2019 and the listed infrastructure projects.

Malaysiakini

P42High-wage jobs for Sabah and Sarawak youthNone found

"Mencipta lebih banyak peluang pekerjaan bergaji tinggi untuk anak-anak Sabah dan Sarawak" ("Create more high-wage jobs for Sabah and Sarawak youth").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P43Sabah and Sarawak as harmony modelsNone found

"Menjadikan Sabah dan Sarawak sebagai model masyarakat harmoni" ("Make Sabah and Sarawak models of harmonious society").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P44Education and healthcare in Sabah and SarawakRecords found

"Memperbaiki kualiti pendidikan dan khidmat kesihatan" ("Improve education and healthcare quality").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The same 2019 Budget specified construction/upgrading of water, electricity, infrastructure, health and education facilities in Sabah and Sarawak. It is a documented infrastructure commitment rather than a demonstrated improvement in education and healthcare quality.

Ministry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported that Budget 2019 listed water, electricity, road, health and education infrastructure for Sabah and Sarawak.

Malaysiakini

P45Rural and interior residentsRecords found

"Membela nasib penduduk luar bandar dan kawasan pedalaman" ("Defend the welfare of rural and interior residents").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Budget 2020 retained Sabah and Sarawak as the two largest recipients of development expenditure (RM5.2 billion and RM4.4 billion) and identified water, electricity, road, school and clinic projects, including projects benefiting 145,000 residents. This identifies financed work relevant to rural/interior services, not the entire welfare outcome.

Ministry of Finance

Independent reporting

FMT reported the RM5.2 billion and RM4.4 billion development-expenditure allocations for Sabah and Sarawak in Budget 2020.

Free Malaysia Today

P46Sabah sovereignty and securityRecords found

"Mempertahankan kedaulatan dan keselamatan Sabah" ("Defend Sabah's sovereignty and security").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Mahathir launched the Security and Public Order Policy (DKKA) on 3 October 2019. Bernama reported its six core areas and 21 strategies included strengthening national-border security; that is a federal security-policy step, rather than a specific instrument establishing Sabah sovereignty.

Bernama

Independent reporting

Bernama reported the launch of the DKKA and its focus on sovereignty, border security and public order.

Bernama

P47Decentralise powers to Sabah and SarawakRecords found

"Desentralisasi kuasa kepada Sabah dan Sarawak" ("Decentralise powers to Sabah and Sarawak").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The government tabled Constitution (Amendment) Bill 2019 (D.R.7/2019) to restore the Article 1(2) 1963 wording, listing the Borneo States separately. A written parliamentary answer says it was not passed on 9 April 2019 because it lacked the required two-thirds majority. The bill was a constitutional-status measure, not a transfer-of-powers instrument, and no transfer is established by these sources.

Parliament of MalaysiaParliament of Malaysia

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported that the Article 1(2) amendment passed its policy stage but failed to obtain the two-thirds majority at second reading.

Haspaizi Zain

P48Customary land rights in Sabah and SarawakNone found

"Memulangkan dan menjamin hak tanah adat Sabah dan Sarawak" ("Return and guarantee customary land rights in Sabah and Sarawak").

Teras 4 (Pillar 4).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

Teras 5 (Pillar 5)

P49Government schools as the best choiceNone found

"Menjadikan sekolah-sekolah kerajaan sebagai sekolah pilihan terbaik untuk rakyat" ("Make government schools the people's best choice").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P50Public universities and higher educationRecords found

"Mengembalikan wibawa universiti awam dan pengajian tinggi" ("Restore the standing of public universities and higher education").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The Universities and University Colleges (Amendment) Act 2019 (Act A1582) came into operation on 15 March 2019. It deleted paragraph 15(2)(c), and the remaining section expressly permits a university student to join a political party, subject to listed restrictions.

Laws of Malaysia

P51Persons with disabilitiesRecords found

"Membela nasib golongan OKU" ("Defend the welfare of persons with disabilities").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The Higher Education Department issued Guidelines for the Implementation of the Inclusive for Disabilities Policy in HEI on 6 September 2019. This records a sector-specific accessibility/inclusion measure, not all measures needed by persons with disabilities.

Higher Education Department

Independent reporting

IKIM reported that the inclusive-education guidelines for persons with disabilities were launched in September 2019.

IKIM

P52Crime and social illsRecords found

"Memerangi jenayah dan gejala sosial" ("Combat crime and social ills").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The DKKA was launched on 3 October 2019. Its reported areas included public security and order, drugs, border security and organised crime, with six core areas and 21 strategies. It is a policy framework, not a record that crime and social ills were eliminated.

Bernama

Independent reporting

Bernama reported the launch of the DKKA and its areas of focus, including public security, drugs, borders and organised crime.

Bernama

P53Families and neighbourhoodsRecords found

"Mendokong keutuhan institusi keluarga dan kejiranan" ("Support strong family and neighbourhood institutions").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Cabinet approved the National Community Policy on 23 November 2018 and Mahathir launched it on 17 February 2019. The official yearbook describes a framework for empowered local communities and eight clusters including social services, vulnerable groups, and sports/recreation. It is relevant to neighbourhood institutions, but does not demonstrate the whole family-and-neighbourhood promise.

Department of InformationBernama

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported Mahathir’s launch of the National Community Policy and its community and family focus.

Malaysiakini

P54Community institutions, civil society and social enterpriseRecords found

"Memperkasa institusi kemasyarakatan, masyarakat sivil dan keusahawanan sosial" ("Empower community institutions, civil society and social enterprise").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The National Community Policy, approved in November 2018 and launched in February 2019, placed community empowerment and cooperation with government, NGOs and the private sector within its framework and included social entrepreneurship among its clusters. It is not evidence that the promised charities/non-profits commission was created.

Department of InformationBernama

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported Mahathir’s launch of the National Community Policy.

Malaysiakini

P55Youth activity spaceNone found

"Mempelbagai ruang aktiviti golongan muda" ("Diversify spaces for youth activity").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

None found.

P56People's Harmony Consultative CouncilLikely met

"Menubuhkan Majlis Perundingan Keharmonian Rakyat" ("Establish a People's Harmony Consultative Council").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

On 4 February 2020, the Malaysian Youth Council reported that its vice-president Lim Swee Bok had been appointed an MPKR member and that the Council had held its first meeting at the National Unity Department. This is direct evidence of the promised body operating before the tenure boundary.

Majlis Belia Malaysia

Independent reporting

The Malaysian Youth Council reported that its vice-president was appointed to MPKR and attended the Council’s first meeting at the National Unity Department.

Majlis Belia Malaysia

P57Integrity rather than corruptionRecords found

"Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang dikenali kerana integritinya, bukan kerana rasuahnya" ("Make Malaysia known for integrity, not corruption").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Mahathir launched the National Anti-Corruption Plan 2019–2023 on 29 January 2019. It set out 115 initiatives across political governance, public administration, procurement, law enforcement, legal/judicial and corporate-governance risk areas. A plan is an identifiable institutional measure, not evidence of the broad reputational outcome.

Prime Minister's OfficeBernama

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the launch of the National Anti-Corruption Plan 2019–2023.

Faisal Asyraf

P58Defend national bordersRecords found

"Mempertahankan sempadan negara daripada pencerobohan, penyeludupan dan pemerdagangan manusia" ("Defend borders from intrusion, smuggling and human trafficking").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

DKKA's reported core areas included strengthening national-border controls; the report identifies cross-border crime and smuggling of goods and migrants among the threats it addressed. It does not identify human trafficking, which is expressly named in the pledge.

Bernama

Independent reporting

Bernama reported DKKA’s border-security focus and its reference to cross-border crime and smuggling.

Bernama

P59Rohingya and Palestine conflictsRecords found

"Memimpin usaha menyelesaikan konflik Rohingya dan Palestin" ("Lead efforts to resolve the Rohingya and Palestine conflicts").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The cited 23 March 2019 joint statement is no longer retrievable in this repair pass. A 3 December 2019 Malaysian UNGA statement on Palestine called for international action and continued support for UNRWA.

Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the UN

P60Malaysia's role in international institutionsRecords found

"Memartabatkan peranan Malaysia dalam institusi antarabangsa" ("Elevate Malaysia's role in international institutions").

Teras 5 (Pillar 5).

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The government launched the Foreign Policy Framework of the New Malaysia on 18 September 2019. Its official framework says the 2018 UNGA address had been adopted unanimously by the Dewan Rakyat as the basis of the new foreign policy and describes a more proactive international role. This is a policy framework, not a measurement of Malaysia's standing in all institutions.

Prime Minister's OfficeMinistry of Foreign Affairs

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini reported the launch of the Foreign Policy Framework of the New Malaysia and Mahathir’s description of a more proactive international role.

Malaysiakini

First-100-days commitments

H1100 days: GST and cost of livingRecords found

"Menghapuskan GST dan mengurangkan kos sara hidup dengan pelbagai inisiatif peduli rakyat" ("Abolish GST and reduce living costs through people-centred initiatives").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

GST was set at 0% effective 1 June 2018, within 100 days; the broader cost-of-living initiatives were not separately traced.

Dewan Rakyat HansardMinistry of Finance

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini’s 100-day review reported that the GST promise was implemented through the zero rate on 1 June.

Malaysiakini

H2100 days: targeted petrol subsidyRecords found

"Menstabilkan harga minyak dan memperkenalkan semula subsidi petrol secara bersasar" ("Stabilise petrol prices and reintroduce targeted petrol subsidies").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

On 31 May 2018, the Finance Ministry said RON95 would remain at RM2.20/litre and diesel at RM2.18/litre. From 7 June, RON97 was to be set by a managed float. A later targeted-subsidy proposal was postponed in January 2020.

Ministry of FinanceParliament of MalaysiaMinistry of Finance

H3100 days: FELDA debtsRecords found

"Menghapuskan hutang-hutang tidak wajar yang dipaksa ke atas peneroka FELDA" ("Abolish unnecessary debts imposed on FELDA settlers").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

The FELDA White Paper was tabled in Parliament on 10 April 2019, outside the 100-day period. Bernama reported its new aid scheme and the 2019 Official Year Book records a RM6.23 billion 2019–25 recovery package, including RM2.0 billion to write off settlers' loan interest. This is a later recovery/interest measure, not a record of the promised abolition of imposed unnecessary debts within 100 days.

BernamaDepartment of Information

Independent reporting

FMT, carrying a Reuters report, reported the RM6.23 billion FELDA financial-support package and debt restructuring.

Free Malaysia Today/Reuters

After the tenure

A later government announced conditional adjustment of parts of settlers' loans in 2021; it falls outside this tenure.

H4100 days: EPF contribution for housewivesLikely met

"Memperkenalkan skim caruman KWSP untuk suri rumah" ("Introduce an EPF contribution scheme for housewives").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

i-Suri registration began on 15 August 2018, within 100 days. The retrievable source establishes the registration date but not all detailed terms of the main-manifesto design.

Department of Information Malaysia

Independent reporting

Utusan Malaysia reported that i-Suri was introduced on 15 August 2018.

Utusan Malaysia

H5100 days: nationally equal minimum wage◆ Records found

"Menyamaratakan gaji minimum seluruh negara dan seterusnya memulakan proses meningkatkan gaji minimum" ("Equalise the minimum wage nationally and begin increasing it").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

P.U.(A) 265 fixed one RM1,050 monthly rate throughout Malaysia from 1 January 2019; that was after the 100-day deadline.

Ministry of Human Resources

Independent reporting

FMT reported a standardised RM1,100 national minimum wage from January 2019, whereas the action source’s Minimum Wages Order 2018 records RM1,050; the two accounts differ.

Free Malaysia Today

H6100 days: PTPTN repayment and blacklisting◆ Records found

"Menangguhkan pembayaran balik pinjaman PTPTN" for borrowers earning under RM4,000 and abolish blacklisting ("Postpone PTPTN repayment" for borrowers under RM4,000 and abolish blacklisting).

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Utusan Malaysia reported that 433,000 blacklisted borrowers were given relief and that repayments for earners at or below RM4,000 were postponed. However, PTPTN's 26 June 2018 statement said the RM4,000 deferment would follow further study, told borrowers to continue repayment, and gave the blacklist figure as 429,945. The underlying circular or instrument was not located in this repair pass.

Utusan MalaysiaPTPTN

Independent reporting

FMT reported that borrowers were to be removed from the immigration blacklist, while financial-credit blacklisting would remain and the RM4,000 deferment mechanism was still under study. This differs from Utusan Malaysia’s report that repayments at or below RM4,000 had been postponed; the action source’s PTPTN statement likewise said the mechanism remained under study.

Free Malaysia TodayUtusan Malaysia

H7100 days: RCI and governance reformRecords found

"Menubuhkan Suruhanjaya Siasatan DiRaja 1MDB, FELDA, MARA dan Tabung Haji, dan merombak semula struktur kepimpinan mereka" ("Set up RCIs... and reform their governance").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

As the 100-day deadline approached, The Straits Times reported that no RCI had been set up. Parliament's July 2019 order paper still contains a question asking when the government would establish RCIs for 1MDB, Tabung Haji, FELDA and MARA. Searches of Parliament, PMO and the federal-gazette catalogue found no RCI appointment for those four matters before the PH tenure ended; the government used other processes, including the FELDA White Paper.

The Straits TimesParliament of Malaysia

Independent reporting

The Straits Times reported at the 100-day point that no RCI had been set up.

The Straits Times

After the tenure

The Tabung Haji RCI was appointed on 20 January 2022, after the tenure.

H8100 days: MA63 Cabinet committeeRecords found

"Menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Khas Kabinet untuk segera menyemak dan melaksanakan Perjanjian Malaysia 1963" ("Set up a Special Cabinet Committee promptly to review and implement MA63").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

ISEAS records that the Special Cabinet Committee on MA63 was formed in October 2018, after the 100-day period. A Sarawak Legislative Assembly publication records that a state consultative committee was established in response on 6 November 2018.

Tricia YeohSarawak State Legislative Assembly

Independent reporting

Utusan Borneo reported that Cabinet agreed the special MA63 committee structure in October 2018.

Utusan Borneo

H9100 days: Peduli Sihat for B40Records found

"Memperkenalkan Skim Peduli Sihat" with RM500 for basic treatment at registered private clinics for B40 ("Introduce Peduli Sihat").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

PeKa B40 began nationwide on 15 April 2019, after the 100-day period. The retrievable statement records registered private GPs for health screening, not the promised RM500 basic-treatment benefit.

Ministry of Health

Independent reporting

New Straits Times reported PeKa B40 commencing on 15 April 2019 and private clinics joining it in Sarawak.

Melvin Joni

H10100 days: review foreign-awarded megaprojectsRecords found

"Melancarkan kajian terperinci mengenai projek-projek mega yang dianugerahkan kepada negara asing" ("Launch a detailed review of megaprojects awarded to foreign countries").

First-100-days commitments.

Pakatan Harapan

What we found

Malaysiakini contemporaneously reported cancellations/reviews involving HSR, MRT3 and ECRL, but this pass did not locate a Cabinet paper or project-order instrument establishing the promised comprehensive review.

Malaysiakini

Independent reporting

Malaysiakini’s 100-day review reported the HSR cancellation, MRT3 cancellation and ECRL work suspension; FMT separately reported that these project decisions were linked to the 100-day review pledge.

MalaysiakiniFree Malaysia Today

Every promise, every election →
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Common questions

What actually happened in GE14?

Pakatan Harapan (PH) won 113 of Malaysia's 222 parliamentary seats in the 9 May 2018 general election, while Barisan Nasional (BN) won 79. Gagasan Sejahtera won 18 seats, Warisan eight, independents three and STAR one. The result changed the federal government.

ElectionData.MY

Who became Prime Minister after GE14?

Mahathir Mohamad became Prime Minister after GE14. He was sworn in on 10 May 2018 as Malaysia's seventh Prime Minister and headed the first PH federal government.

Ram Anand

When was GE14 held and how long was the campaign?

GE14 polling was held on 9 May 2018. Parliament had been dissolved on 7 April, and the Election Commission set nomination day for 28 April and an 11-day formal campaign period, ending at 11.59pm on 8 May.

Malay MailThe Star via Malaysian Bar

What did the main coalitions promise in GE14?

The main coalitions offered different programmes. PH promised to abolish the 6% GST, review 1MDB through a royal commission of inquiry, and address living costs, wages, Felda settlers' debts and institutional reform. BN proposed measures including job creation and affordable housing, while PAS and Gagasan Sejahtera proposed another tax approach in place of GST and writing off PTPTN borrowers' debts.

Malay MailMalay MailKiniTV

Why do some sources give different PH seat totals for GE14?

The difference comes from how coalitions are classified, not from different underlying election results. PH itself won 113 seats, but some academic and official summaries give 121 or 122 by grouping PH with Sabah-based Warisan and, in some accounts, an allied independent.

John FunstonCongressional Research Service